One in five teachers is using their own money to buy classroom resources once a week, a survey by the NASUWT suggests.
And 45% of the 4,386 members of the teachers' union surveyed said they had bought essentials such as food or clothing for pupils in the last year.
The survey comes as about 7,000 head teachers in England wrote to parents before the Easter holidays highlighting what they call a "funding crisis".
Ministers say school finances are a priority for the next spending review.
"We are told there is no money for anything, all departmental budgets have been frozen and all the stockrooms are empty," one teacher responded in the study.
Chris Keates, general secretary of the NASUWT, said that teachers were "shouldering financial burdens to support their pupils".
"Teachers care deeply about the pupils they teach and will go to great lengths to ensure their needs are being met," she said.
"Teachers once again are being left to pick up the pieces of failed education, social and economic policies."
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